Dr. John Mallatt demonstrating the Cremasteric Reflex
Epithelium
Types of Epithelia
A) Squamous
i) Simple Squamous Epithelium
a) endothelium (lining blood vessels)
b) mesothelium (part of serous membrane)
ii) Stratified Squamous Epithelium
a) Keratinized
b) Non-keratinized
B) Cuboidal
C) Columnar
D) Simple Pseudo-stratified
E) Transitional
-stratified
-only present in bladder/urinary tract
*Basement Membrane = basal lamina + reticular fibers
Glands
A) Endocrine
B) Exocrine: secretes onto body surfaces or into body cavities
i) Unicellular
-Goblet Cell
ii) Multicellular (duct cells + gland cells)
-Tubular
-Acinus/Alveolus
-Simple vs. Compound
CT Proper
1) Loose CT
a) Areolar (surrounds all capillaries/vessels and underlies most epithelia)
i) Fibers
-Collagen (Type I)
-Reticular Fibers (Collagen Type III)
-Elastic Fibers
ii) Cell Types
-Fibroblast
-Macrophage
-Monocytes
-Plasma Cells
-Lymphocytes
-Mast Cells
-Eosinophils
-Neutrophils
-Adipose Cell
b) Adipose
i) Same Cell types as loose areolar CT.
ii) Brown and White
2) Dense CT
i) Regular
-Ligament, tendon
-Tension in one direction
-Only has fibroblasts
ii) Irregular
-Tension in more than one direction
-All of the cell types present in loose CT.
-Submucosa (intermediate layer between dense irregular and loose areolar CT in wall of digestive tube)
Parenchyma: Functional elements of an organ (i.e. gland cells)
Stroma: Supporting framework (i.e. connective tissue)
Mucous Membranes (mucosa):
-Moist Membranes that line every tubular/hollow organ that opens to the outside of the body i.e. digestive tract, respiratory passages, bladder
-Epithelial layer + loose CT (Lamina Propria)
Serous Membranes:
-Simple squamous epithelium (Mesothelium) + loose areolar CT
Cartilage
Types of Cartilage
A) Hyaline
i) Chondrocytes
ii) Ground Substance
-Glycosaminoglycan (GAG or ghost poop)
-Keratan Sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid
iii) Fibrils
-Type II Collagen
B) Elastic
-Hyaline + elastic fibers
C) Fibro Cartilage
-No perichondrium
-Resembles dense CT
Bone Tissue
A) Endochondral Ossification
-Diaphysis
-Epiphysis
-Periosteum
-Endosteum
-Perichondrium
-Periosoteal Bone (compact bone in mid-shaft region)
-Osteoblasts
-Osteoclasts
-Osteocytes
-Chondrocytes
-Bony spicules/trabeculae
-Medullary Canal (marrow cavity)
i) Epiphyseal Plate
1) Zone of Proliferation
2) Zone of hypertrophy (maturation)
3) Zone of calcification
4) Zone of ossification (Primary and Secondary)
B) Intramembranous Ossification
-Periosteum
-Trabeculae of bone
-Osteoblasts
-Osteoclasts
-Osteocytes in lacunae
-Endosteum
-Osteons
-Central Canal (Haversian canal)
-Osteocytes in Lacunae
-Lamellae
i) Interstitial
ii) Circumfrential
-Canaliculi
-Volkmann's Canals
Blood Cells
A) Erythrocytes
i) Reticulocytes
B) Platelets
C) Leukocytes
i) Granular -Neutrophils (Bacteria)
-Eosinophils (Worms/anti-allergy)
-Basophils (Signal later stages of allergic inflammation)
ii) Agranular
-Lymphocytes (Specific Immune Response)
-Monocytes (Become Macrophages)
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
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